Bird Flu Virus Hijacking Tactics Revealed

After discovering how flu viruses 'hijack' cell machinery when they infect the body, researchers at Imperial College London are hoping that the findings* may lead to more effective antiviral treatments for pandemics and for seasonal flu, which infects over 800 million people worldwide every year.

The research team used hamster-chicken hybrid cells to discover why avian influenza virus (bird flu) cannot usually infect mammal cells. They found that a particular host protein - called ANP32A - which is also found in human cells, acts as an 'insider' and helps the virus replicate once the virus has gained entry into the cell.  Bird flu viruses can't use the mammalian ANP32A unless they carry a particular mutation. The study also revealed that mammalian ANP32A structure was shorter than the avian protein.

Professor Wendy Barclay, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial and senior author of the study, explains: "All human flu viruses in the world originally came from birds. However, luckily for us, viruses don't often jump from birds to people because the virus can't replicate in our cells. When they do transfer to humans, it's because the virus mutates in a number of ways. This enables it to gain a foothold inside the cell, and hijack the cell machinery to replicate. Up until now, we haven't understood why the bird flu virus has to change in order to hijack the human cell machinery. Our research showed this is all due to a cell protein called ANP32A."

Further experiments revealed that the human ANP32A protein was crucial to the seasonal flu virus replicating in human cells.  Jason Long, lead author of the study also from the Department of Medicine, added: "Our experiments also showed that removing this host protein from cells stopped virus infection, suggesting it is very important for the virus. The next stage is to start investigating treatments that may block this specific interaction between virus and cell, with the hope of stopping the virus in its tracks."

*Published in Nature