abstract 3D molecular structures

Small Molecules

Small Molecules to Advance Stem Cell & Cancer Research

Small Molecules are powerful tools used to manipulate cell fates, making them crucial in areas such as Regenerative Medicine & Cancer Research.

Explore our range of small molecules, and advance your life science research today!

What are Small Molecules?

Small molecules are cell permeable, organic compounds with low molecular weights, that can be used as tools to manipulate cell fates via the targeting of signalling pathways. This makes small molecules extremely useful in regenerative medicine research, to direct cells down a certain developmental pathway to a desired cell type, to reprogramme somatic cells into pluripotent cells, & to maintain cells in culture (Schugar et al.).

Small molecules are also important in cancer research, and many small molecules are used in targeted cancer therapy, to specifically target genes & proteins in cancer cells that are enabling them to survive & grow (Zhong et al.).

We offer a wide range of small molecules, targeting a variety of signalling pathways, with numerous applications in stem cell and cancer research.

Explore our Range of Small Molecules

A83-01 is a selective inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) type I receptor ALK5, the Activin/Nodal receptor ALK4, and the nodal receptor ALK71.

SELF-RENEWAL

  • Facilitates conversion of epiblast stem cells to the naїve pluripotent state (Li et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Disrupts epithelial to mesenchymal transition (Tojo et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule A83-01 (10 mg)-10 mg View
Stemolecule A83-01 (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Li, W., Wei, W., Zhu, S., Zhu, J., Shi, Y., Lin, T., . . . Ding, S. (2009). Generation of Rat and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Combining Genetic Reprogramming and Chemical Inhibitors. Cell stem cell, 4(4), 370-370.

Tojo, M., Hamashima, Y., Hanyu, A., Kajimoto, T., Saitoh, M., Miyazono, K., . . . Imamura, T. (2005). The ALK‐5 inhibitor A‐83‐01 inhibits Smad signaling and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor‐β. Cancer science, 96(11), 791-800.

ALK5 Inhibitor (also known as RepSox, E 616452, and SJN 2511) is a selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of the TGF-β family type I receptor of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK5).

REPROGRAMMING

  • Enhances reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) (Ichida et al.).
  • Direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts to mature neurons (Hu et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Induces differentiation of human pancreatic progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells (Kunisada et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule ALK5 Inhibitor (1 mg)1 mg View

References

Hu, W., Qiu, B., Guan, W., Wang, Q., Wang, M., Li, W., . . . Pei, G. (2015). Direct Conversion of Normal and Alzheimer’s Disease Human Fibroblasts into Neuronal Cells by Small Molecules. Cell stem cell, 17(2), 204-212

Ichida, J. K., Blanchard, J., Lam, K., Son, E. Y., Chung, J. E., Egli, D., . . . Eggan, K. (2009). A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Tgf-β Signaling Replaces Sox2 in Reprogramming by Inducing Nanog. Cell Stem Cell, 5(5), 491-503.

Kunisada, Y., Tsubooka-Yamazoe, N., Shoji, M., & Hosoya, M. (2012). Small molecules induce efficient differentiation into insulin-producing cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell research, 8(2), 274-284.

All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is the oxidized form of Vitamin A, functioning as a signaling molecule for various developmental pathways that control differentiation and proliferation.

Mechanism: All-trans RA acts as a ligand for retinoic acid receptor (RAR), and subsequent binding of the complex to retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in DNA alters gene expression (Marshall et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Utilised in many differentiation protocols, including for B-cells, T-cells & neurones from pluripotent stem cells (Dhara and Stice; Yagi et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Applied clinically to treat cancer as a form of differentiation-induction therapy (Mongan & Gudas).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule All-Trans Retinoic Acid (100 mg)100 mg View

References

Dhara, S. K., & Stice, S. L. (2008). Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 105(3), 633–640.

Marshall, H., Morrison, A., Studer, M., Pöpperl, H., & Krumlauf, R. (1996). Retinoids and Hox genes. The FASEB journal, 10(9), 969-978.

Mongan, N. P., & Gudas, L. J. (2007). Diverse actions of retinoid receptors in cancer prevention and treatment. Differentiation (London), 75(9), 853-870.

Yagi, J., Uchida, T., Kuroda, K., & Uchiyama, T. (1997). Influence of Retinoic Acid on the Differentiation Pathway of T Cells in the Thymus. Cellular immunology, 181(2), 153-162.

CHIR99021 is a highly potent, specific and effective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β). Therefore, CHIR99021 functions as an activator of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway.

MAINTENANCE & SELF-RENEWAL

  • Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (Polychronopoulos et al.).

REPROGRAMMING

  • Enables chemical reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to iPSCs, in combination with other small molecules (Hou et al.).
  • Facilitates reprogramming of human somatic cells to iPSCs using OCT4 (Zhu et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes differentiation of human ES/iPSCs into cardiomyocytes, after mesoderm induction (Lian et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule CHIR99021 (10 mg)10 mg View
Stemolecule CHIR99021 (2 mg)2 mg View
Stemolecule CHIR99021 in Solution (2 mg (10 mM))2 mg (10 mM) View

References

Hou, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, C., Guan, J., Li, H., . . . Deng, H. (2013). Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced from Mouse Somatic Cells by Small-Molecule Compounds. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 341(6146), 651-654

Polychronopoulos, P., Magiatis, P., Skaltsounis, A.-L., Myrianthopoulos, V., Mikros, E., Tarricone, A., . . . Meijer, L. (2004). Structural Basis for the Synthesis of Indirubins as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 47(4), 935-946.

Lian, X., Zhang, J., Azarin, S. M., Zhu, K., Hazeltine, L. B., Bao, X., . . . Palecek, S. P. (2013). Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nature protocols, 8(1), 162-175.

Zhu, S., Li, W., Zhou, H., Wei, W., Ambasudhan, R., Lin, T., . . . Ding, S. (2010). Reprogramming of human primary somatic cells by OCT4 and chemical compounds. Cell stem cell, 7(6), 651-655.

Cyclopamine is a steroid alkaloid isolated from the corn lily (Veratrum californicum) that is a Smoothened antagonist and therefore inhibits Hedgehog signalling.

MAINTENANCE

  • Reduces the proflieration rate of neural progenitor cells (Schaffer et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Induces differentiation of human ES cells into pancreatic cells (Baetge et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Causes depletion of stem-like cancer cells in human glioblastoma (Bar et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Cyclopamine (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Baetge, E. E., D'Amour, K. A., Bang, A. G., Eliazer, S., Kelly, O. G., Agulnick, A. D., . . . Carpenter, M. K. (2006). Production of pancreatic hormone-expressing endocrine cells from human embryonic stem cells. Nature biotechnology, 24(11), 1392-1401.

Bar, E. E., Chaudhry, A., Lin, A., Fan, X., Schreck, K., Matsui, W., . . . Eberhart, C. G. (2007). Cyclopamine‐Mediated Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition Depletes Stem‐Like Cancer Cells in Glioblastoma. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio), 25(10), 2524-2533.

Schaffer, D. V., Lai, K., Kaspar, B. K., & Gage, F. H. (2003). Sonic hedgehog regulates adult neural progenitor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Nature neuroscience, 6(1), 21-27.

DAPT is a cell-permeable dipeptide that indirectly inhibits the Notch pathway, via inhibition of γ-secretase.

MAINTENANCE & SELF-RENEWAL

  • Reduces the colony-forming efficiency of mouse neural stem cells (McKay et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes differentiation pluripotent stem cells into a variety of cell types, such as nociceptors, neurons & pancreatic cells. (Baetge et al.; Chambers et al.; Crawford & Roelink).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Reduces the mammosphere-forming efficiency of breast cancer cell lines (Farnie et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule DAPT (5 mg)5 mg View

References

Baetge, E. E., D'Amour, K. A., Bang, A. G., Eliazer, S., Kelly, O. G., Agulnick, A. D., . . . Carpenter, M. K. (2006). Production of pancreatic hormone-expressing endocrine cells from human embryonic stem cells. Nature biotechnology, 24(11), 1392-1401.

Chambers, S. M., Qi, Y., Mica, Y., Lee, G., Zhang, X.-J., Niu, L., . . . Studer, L. (2012). Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates developmental timing and converts human pluripotent stem cells into nociceptors. Nature biotechnology, 30(7), 715-720.

Crawford, T. Q., & Roelink, H. (2007). The Notch response inhibitor DAPT enhances neuronal differentiation in embryonic stem cell‐derived embryoid bodies independently of sonic hedgehog signaling. Developmental dynamics, 236(3), 886-892.

Farnie, G., Willan, P. M., Clarke, R. B., & Bundred, N. J. (2013). Combined Inhibition of ErbB1/2 and Notch Receptors Effectively Targets Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) Stem/Progenitor Cell Activity Regardless of ErbB2 Status. PloS one, 8(2), e56840-e56840.

McKay, R. D. G., Kittappa, R., Leker, R. R., Soldner, F., Poser, S. W., Rueger, M. A., . . . Androutsellis-Theotokis, A. (2006). Notch signalling regulates stem cell numbers in vitro and in vivo. Nature, 442(7104), 823-826.

Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling.  Dorsomorphin works by inhibiting BMP type I receptors ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6,  therefore blocking BMP-mediated SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes cardiogenesis in embryonic stem cells (Hao et al.).
  • Directs the differentiation of human mesenchymal cells to a adipogenic cell fate, and  suppresses osteogenic cell fates (Kim et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Dorsomorphin (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Hao, J., Daleo, M. A., Murphy, C. K., Yu, P. B., Ho, J. N., Hu, J., . . . Hong, C. C. (2008). Dorsomorphin, a selective small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling, promotes cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells. PloS one, 3(8), e2904-e2904.

Kim, E.-K., Lim, S., Park, J.-M., Seo, J. K., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. T., . . . Suh, P.-G. (2012). Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to the osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of cellular physiology, 227(4), 1680-1687.

Doxycycline hyclate (dox) is a broad spectrum antibiotic derivative of tetracycline and an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases.

Mechanism: Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation is a method of inducible expression whereby transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of tetracycline or one of its derivatives such as dox.

REPROGRAMMING

  • Dox can be used to generate iPSCs from somatic cells infected with dox-inducible lentiviruses encoding reprogramming factors (Jaenisch et al.).

MAINTENANCE & SELF-RENEWAL

  • Enhances the survival and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells (Chang et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Improves the efficiency of iPSC to endoderm differentiation (Peaslee et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Doxycycline hyclate (10 mg)10 mg View

References

Chang, M.-Y., Rhee, Y.-H., Yi, S.-H., Lee, S.-J., Kim, R.-K., Kim, H., . . . Lee, S.-H. (2014). Doxycycline Enhances Survival and Self-Renewal of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem cell reports, 3(2), 353-364.

Jaenisch, R., Wernig, M., Lengner, C. J., Hanna, J., Lodato, M. A., Steine, E., . . . Markoulaki, S. (2008). A drug-inducible transgenic system for direct reprogramming of multiple somatic cell types. Nature biotechnology, 26(8), 916-924.

Peaslee, C., Esteva‐Font, C., Su, T., Munoz‐Howell, A., Duwaerts, C. C., Liu, Z., . . . Mattis, A. N. (2021). Doxycycline Significantly Enhances Induction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Endoderm by Enhancing Survival Through Protein Kinase B Phosphorylation. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 74(4), 2102-2117.

 

EC23 is a retinoid pathway activator which functions by activating retinoid acid receptors (RARs). EC23 is a light stable version of All-Trans Retinoic Acid but maintains the same biological activity.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • A potent inducer of cell differentiation, like All Trans Retinoic acid. EC23 has been utilised to induce neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (Clemens et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule ec23 (2 x 5 mg)2 View

References

Clemens, G., Flower, K. R., Henderson, A. P., Whiting, A., Przyborski, S. A., Jimenez-Hernandez, M., Ball, F., Bassan, P., Cinque, G., & Gardner, P. (2013). The action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and synthetic retinoid analogues (EC19 and EC23) on human pluripotent stem cells differentiation investigated using single cell infrared microspectroscopy. Molecular bioSystems, 9(4), 677–692.

Forskolin is a cAMP pathway activator which works by activating adenylyl cyclase. This leads to increased levels of cyclic AMP - a signaling molecule and enzyme regulator.

REPROGRAMMING

  • Enables chemical reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to iPSCs, in combination with other small molecules (Hou et al.)

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Key small molecules in neuron differentiation protocols (Son et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Forskolin (10 mg)10 mg View

References

Hou, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, C., Guan, J., Li, H., . . . Deng, H. (2013). Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced from Mouse Somatic Cells by Small-Molecule Compounds. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 341(6146), 651-654.

Son, H., Kim, K. O., Kim, J. S., Chang, M. Y., Lee, S. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2001). Pairing of forskolin and KCl increases differentiation of immortalized hippocampal neurons in a CREB Serine 133 phosphorylation-dependent and extracellular-regulated protein kinase-independent manner. Neuroscience letters, 308(1), 37-40.

 

hES Cell Cloning & Recover Supplement is a 1000× concentrate of Thiazovivin (2mM),  a ROCK inhibitor (see Thiazovivin section for more information).

CELL CULTURE

  • Significantly improves the likelihood of sub-cloning from single cells.
  • Increases attachment after passaging.

NamePacksize Order
hES Cell Cloning & Recovery Supplement (5 x 100 uL)5 x 100 ul View

KAAD-cyclopamine is a sonic hedgehog antagonist that targets Smoothened, a 7-transmembrane receptor of the hedgehog signaling pathway.

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Utilised to halt the migration or proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, including esophageal, gastrointestinal & hepatic cancer cells (Cheng et al.; Ma et al.; Sicklick et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule KAAD-Cyclopamine (100 ug)100 ug View

References

Cheng, W. T., Xu, K., Tian, D. Y., Zhang, Z. G., Liu, L. J., & Chen, Y. (2009). Role of Hedgehog signaling pathway in proliferation and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. International journal of oncology, 34(3), 829–836.

Ma, X., Sheng, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., He, J., Huang, S., . . . Xie, J. (2006). Hedgehog signaling is activated in subsets of esophageal cancers. International journal of cancer, 118(1), 139-148.

Sicklick, J. K., Li, Y.-X., Jayaraman, A., Kannangai, R., Qi, Y., Vivekanandan, P., . . . Diehl, A. M. (2006). Dysregulation of the Hedgehog pathway in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis (New York), 27(4), 748-757.

LDN193189 is an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors ALK2 and ALK3. This small molecule only weakly inhibits ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes differentiation of human pluripotent cells into neural fates (Chambers et al.; Kreitzer et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Inhibits growth of tumours from various cancers, including breast cancer (Balboni et al.).

NamePacksize Order
LDN193189 HCl25 mg View

References

Balboni, A. L., Hutchinson, J. A., DeCastro, A. J., Cherukuri, P., Liby, K., Sporn, M. B., . . . DiRenzo, J. (2013). Δnp63α-mediated activation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling governs stem cell activity and plasticity in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. Cancer research (Chicago, Ill.), 73(2), 1020-1030.

Chambers, S. M., Qi, Y., Mica, Y., Lee, G., Zhang, X.-J., Niu, L., . . . Studer, L. (2012). Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates developmental timing and converts human pluripotent stem cells into nociceptors. Nature biotechnology, 30(7), 715-720.

Kreitzer, F. R., Salomonis, N., Sheehan, A., Huang, M., Park, J. S., Spindler, M. J., . . . Conklin, B. R. (2013). A robust method to derive functional neural crest cells from human pluripotent stem cells. American journal of stem cells, 2(2), 119-131.

PD03225901 inhibits the MEK/ERK pathway by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK).

REPROGRAMMING

  • Along with SB431542, PD0325901 increases the efficiency of reprogramming human fibroblasts into iPSCs (Lin. et al.).
  • Promotes reprogramming of human somatic cells using only OCT4 (Zhu et al.).

CELL CULTURE

  • Along with vitamin C, PD0325901 can help to maintain DNA of mouse ES cells in a hypomethylated and pluripotent state whilst in cell culture (Li et al.). 

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation (Sebolt-Leopold & Herrera.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule PD0325901 (10 mg)10 mg View
Stemolecule PD0325901 (2 mg)2 mg View
Stemolecule PD0325901 in Solution (2 mg (10 mM))2 mg (10 mM) View

References

Ding, S., Lin, T., Ambasudhan, R., Yuan, X., Li, W., Hilcove, S., . . . Hayek, A. (2009). A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nature Methods, 6(11), 805-808.

Li, C., Lai, W., & Wang, H. (2018). An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C. JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS, 2018(136).

Sebolt-Leopold, J. S., & Herrera, R. (2004). Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer. Nature reviews. Cancer, 4(12), 937-947.

Zhu, S., Li, W., Zhou, H., Wei, W., Ambasudhan, R., Lin, T., . . . Ding, S. (2010). Reprogramming of human primary somatic cells by OCT4 and chemical compounds. Cell stem cell, 7(6), 651-655.

Purmorphamine is an activator of the Hedgehog pathway, and works by activating the Hedgehog receptor Smoothened.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into osteoblasts (Wu et al.).
  • Generation of motor neurones from human ESCs (Li et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Purmorphamine (5 mg)5 mg View

References

Li, X. J., Hu, B. Y., Jones, S. A., Zhang, Y. S., LaVaute, T., Du, Z. W., & Zhang, S. C. (2008). Directed Differentiation of Ventral Spinal Progenitors and Motor Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Small Molecules. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio), 26(4), 886-893.

Wu, X., Ding, S., Ding, Q., Gray, N. S., & Schultz, P. G. (2002). A Small Molecule with Osteogenesis-Inducing Activity in Multipotent Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(49), 14520-14521.

SB421542 is an activin/BMP/TGF-β inhibitor that works by inhibiting the activin receptor-like kinases ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7.

REPROGRAMMING

  • Replace SOX2 in reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to iPSCs (Ichida et al.).
  • Improves efficiency of reprogramming of human fibroblasts to iPSCs (Ding et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and sheet formation of endothelial cells derived from embryonic stem cells (Watabe et al.).
  • Promotes differentiation of neural progenitor cells from human PSCs, in combination with LDN193189 (Chambers et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule SB431542 (10mg)10 mg View
Stemolecule SB431542 (5 mg)5 mg View
Stemolecule SB431542 in Solution (5 mg (10 mM))5 mg (10 mM) View

References

Chambers, S. M., Qi, Y., Mica, Y., Lee, G., Zhang, X.-J., Niu, L., . . . Studer, L. (2012). Combined small-molecule inhibition accelerates developmental timing and converts human pluripotent stem cells into nociceptors. Nature biotechnology, 30(7), 715-720.

Ding, S., Lin, T., Ambasudhan, R., Yuan, X., Li, W., Hilcove, S., . . . Hayek, A. (2009). A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nature Methods, 6(11), 805-808.

Ichida, J. K., Blanchard, J., Lam, K., Son, E. Y., Chung, J. E., Egli, D., . . . Eggan, K. (2009). A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Tgf-β Signaling Replaces Sox2 in Reprogramming by Inducing Nanog. Cell Stem Cell, 5(5), 491-503

Watabe, T., Nishihara, A., Mishima, K., Yamashita, J., Shimizu, K., Miyazawa, K., . . . Miyazono, K. (2003). TGF-β Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Enhances Growth and Integrity of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells. The Journal of cell biology, 163(6), 1303-1311.

Sodium butyrate is the sodium salt of the short-chain fatty acid butyric acid, and it functions as an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs).

Mechanism: Inhibition of HDAC leads to hyperacetylation of histones, causing changes in chromatin structure and a wide variety of resulting biological effects.

REPROGRAMMING

  • Promotes generation of hIPSCs from human fibroblasts, along with PD03259 & SB431542 (Zhang and Wu).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Along with Activin A and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) cytokines, sodium butyrate has been shown to direct the differentiation of mouse ESCs into hepatocytes (Zhou et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Inhibits cancer cell survival and proliferation, so is a promising anti-tumour agent ((Mühlethaler-Mottet et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Sodium Butyrate (500 mg)500 mg View

References

Mühlethaler-Mottet, A., Meier, R., Flahaut, M., Bourloud, K. B., Nardou, K., Joseph, J.-M., & Gross, N. (2008). Complex molecular mechanisms cooperate to mediate histone deacetylase inhibitors anti-tumour activity in neuroblastoma cells. Molecular cancer, 7(1), 55-55.

Zhang, Z., & Wu, W.-S. (2013). Sodium Butyrate Promotes Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Through Induction of the miR302/367 Cluster. Stem cells and development, 22(16), 2268-2277.

Zhou, M., Li, P., Tan, L., Qu, S., Ying, Q.-L., & Song, H. (2010). Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes induced by a combination of cytokines and sodium butyrate. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 109(3), 606-614.

Thiazovivin is a selective inhibitor of  Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) - a serine/threonine kinase that is a member of the RHO/ROCK signalling pathway. Thiazovivin is a more potent ROCK inhibitor than Y-27632 (Xu et al.).

MAINTENANCE & SELF-RENEWAL

  • Promotes survival of human ESCs in the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) by regulating E-cadherin mediated cell-cell interaction (Xu et al.).

REPROGRAMMING

  • Increases efficiency of reprogramming human somatic cells to iPSCs, in combination with PD0325091 and SB431542 (Ding et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Thiazovivin (1 mg)1 mg View

References

Ding, S., Lin, T., Ambasudhan, R., Yuan, X., Li, W., Hilcove, S., . . . Hayek, A. (2009). A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nature Methods, 6(11), 805-808.

Xu, Y., Zhu, X., Hahm, H. S., Wei, W., Hao, E., Hayek, A., & Ding, S. (2010). Revealing a core signaling regulatory mechanism for pluripotent stem cell survival and self-renewal by small molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 107(18), 8129-8134.

Valproic acid that acts as an epigenetic modifier by inhibiting  histone deacetylases (HDACs).

MAINTENANCE & SELF-RENEWAL

  • Promotes the proliferation & self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells (Bug et al.).

REPROGRAMMING

  • Enables chemical reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to iPSCs, in combination with other small molecules (Hou et al.).
  • Promotes reprogramming of human fibroblasts to iPSCs using only OCT4 & SOX2 - replacing the need to use oncogenes c-Myc or Klf4 (Melton et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Regulates the differentiation of mouse ESCs into hepatocytes, in combination with cytokines (Dong et al.).
  • Induces differentiation of neural progenitor cells (Jung et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Valproic Acid10 g View

References

Bug, G., Gül, H., Schwarz, K., Pfeifer, H., Kampfmann, M., Zheng, X., . . . Ruthardt, M. (2005). Valproic acid stimulates proliferation and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Cancer research (Chicago, Ill.), 65(7), 2537-2541.

Dong, X.-J., Zhang, G.-R., Zhou, Q.-J., Pan, R.-L., Chen, Y., Xiang, L.-X., & Shao, J.-Z. (2009). Direct hepatic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells induced by valproic acid and cytokines. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG, 15(41), 5165-5175.

Hou, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, C., Guan, J., Li, H., . . . Deng, H. (2013). Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced from Mouse Somatic Cells by Small-Molecule Compounds. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 341(6146), 651-654.

Jung, G.-A., Yoon, J.-Y., Moon, B.-S., Yang, D.-H., Kim, H.-Y., Lee, S.-H., . . . Choi, K.-Y. (2008). Valproic acid induces differentiation and inhibition of proliferation in neural progenitor cells via the beta-catenin-Ras-ERK-p21Cip/WAF1 pathway. BMC cell biology, 9(1), 66-66.

Melton, D. A., Guo, W., Muhlestein, W., Osafune, K., Maehr, R., Huangfu, D., . . . Chen, S. (2008). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from primary human fibroblasts with only Oct4 and Sox2. Nature biotechnology, 26(11), 1269-1275.

IWP-2 is a potent Wnt inhibitor, that works by preventing palmitylation of Wnt proteins by Porcupine, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase, therefore preventing Wnt secretion and activity. It also blocks phosphorylation of the Lrp6 receptor and accumulation of both Dvl2 and β-catenin.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Suppresses self-renewal of mouse ESCs and promotes their conversion to epiblast-like stem cells (ten Berge et al.).
  • Promotes cardiac differentiation of human PSCs, after mesoderm induction ( Lian et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule Wnt Inhibitor IWP-2 (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Lian, X., Zhang, J., Azarin, S. M., Zhu, K., Hazeltine, L. B., Bao, X., . . . Palecek, S. P. (2013). Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nature protocols, 8(1), 162-175.

ten Berge, D., Kurek, D., Blauwkamp, T., Koole, W., Maas, A., Eroglu, E., . . . Nusse, R. (2011). Embryonic stem cells require Wnt proteins to prevent differentiation to epiblast stem cells. Nature cell biology, 13(9), 1070-U1088.

IWP-3 is a potent Wnt inhibitor, that works by preventing palmitylation of Wnt proteins by Porcupine, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase, therefore preventing Wnt secretion and activity. It also blocks phosphorylation of the Lrp6 receptor and accumulation of both Dvl2 and β-catenin.

IWP-2/3/4 share the same core structure, but IWP-3 contains an additional fluoro adduct (Lum et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes the formation of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm cells (Willems et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule Wnt Inhibitor IWP-3 (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Lum, L., Chen, B., Dodge, M. E., Tang, W., Lu, J., Ma, Z., . . . Chen, C. (2009). Small molecule-mediated disruption of Wnt-dependent signaling in tissue regeneration and cancer. Nature chemical biology, 5(2), 100-107.

Willems, E., Spiering, S., Davidovics, H., Lanier, M., Xia, Z., Dawson, M., . . . Mercola, M. (2011). Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Wnt Pathway Potently Promote Cardiomyocytes From Human Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Mesoderm. Circulation research, 109(4), 360-364.

IWP-4 is a potent Wnt inhibitor, that works by preventing palmitylation of Wnt proteins by Porcupine, a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase, therefore preventing Wnt secretion and activity. It also blocks phosphorylation of the Lrp6 receptor and accumulation of both Dvl2 and β-catenin.

IWP-2/3/4 share the same core structure, but IWP-4 contains an additional methoxy adduct (Lum et al.).

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Promotes cardiac differentiation of human PSCs, after mesoderm induction ( Lian et al.).

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule Wnt Inhibitor IWP-4 (2 mg)2 mg View
Stemolecule Wnt Inhibitor IWP-4 (50 mg)-50 mg View

References

Lian, X., Zhang, J., Azarin, S. M., Zhu, K., Hazeltine, L. B., Bao, X., . . . Palecek, S. P. (2013). Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nature protocols, 8(1), 162-175.

Lum, L., Chen, B., Dodge, M. E., Tang, W., Lu, J., Ma, Z., . . . Chen, C. (2009). Small molecule-mediated disruption of Wnt-dependent signaling in tissue regeneration and cancer. Nature chemical biology, 5(2), 100-107.

XAV939 is an inhibitor of the Wnt / β-catenin pathway, via inhibition of tankyrase (TNKS) 1 & 2. Blocking TNKS activity leads to increased levels of axin-GSK3β complex, which promotes the degradation of β-catenin and therefore inhibits the downstream Wnt / β-catenin pathway.

DIFFERENTIATION

  • Induces cardiac differentiation in mouse mesoderm progenitor cells (Wang et al.).
  • XAV939, in combination with  purmorphamine and A8301, can efficiently induce differentiation of human ESCs into neural progenitor cells (Valizadeh-Arshad et al.).

CANCER RESEARCH

  • Inhibit Wnt/β-catenin activity and therefore inhibits cell growth in a variety of cancer cell lines, including lung adenocarcinoma cells (Li et al.).

NamePacksize Order
Stemolecule XAV939 (2 mg)2 mg View

References

Li, C., Zheng, X., Han, Y., Lv, Y., Lan, F., & Zhao, J. (2018). XAV939 inhibits the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through the WNT pathway. Oncology letters, 15(6), 8973-8982.

Valizadeh-Arshad, Z., Shahbazi, E., Hashemizadeh, S., Moradmand, A., Jangkhah, M., & Kiani, S. (2018). In vitro differentiation of neural-like cells from human embryonic stem cells by a combination of dorsomorphin, XAV939, and A8301. Cell journal (Yakhteh), 19(4), 545-551.

Wang, H., Hao, J., & Hong, C. C. (2011). Cardiac Induction of Embryonic Stem Cells by a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. ACS chemical biology, 6(2), 192-197.

Y27632 is an inhibitor the RHO/ROCK pathway and inhibits both ROCK1 & ROCK2 by competing with ATP for binding to the catalytic site.

CELL SURVIVAL

  • Prevents apoptosis and also enahnces the survival & cloning efficiency of dissociated human ESCs, without affecting their self-renewal properties or pluripotency (Sasai et al.).
  • Significantly improves cell recovery after cryopreservation, in combination with Pifithrin-u (Xu et al.). Explore our range of high-quality & reliable cryopreservation reagents here!

NameDatasheetPacksize Order
Stemolecule Y27632 (10 mg)10 mg View
Stemolecule Y27632 (2 mg)-2 mg View
Stemolecule Y27632 in Solution (2 mg (10 mM))2 mg (10 mM) View

References

Sasai, Y., Watanabe, K., Ueno, M., Kamiya, D., Nishiyama, A., Matsumura, M., . . . Muguruma, K. (2007). A ROCK inhibitor permits survival of dissociated human embryonic stem cells. Nature biotechnology, 25(6), 681-686.

Xu, X., Cowley, S., Flaim, C. J., James, W., Seymour, L. W., & Cui, Z. (2010). Enhancement of cell recovery for dissociated human embryonic stem cells after cryopreservation. Biotechnology progress, 26(3), 781-788.

Stem Cell Synergy Solution

Small Molecules are crucial yet affordable components of any cell culture toolkit, to maintain, reprogramme & differentiate cells. Explore AMSBIO's Stem Cell Synergy Solution, providing a streamlined and efficient ES/iPS cell culture solution for basic to clinical research, to advance your life science research!

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References

Schugar, R. C., Robbins, P. D., & Deasy, B. M. (2008). Small molecules in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Gene therapy, 15(2), 126-135.

Zhong, L., Li, Y., Xiong, L., Wang, W., Wu, M., Yuan, T., . . . Yang, S. (2021). Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 6(1), 201-201